SIOUX FALLS, S.D. — Russell Means, a former American Indian Movement
activist who helped lead the 1973 uprising at Wounded Knee, reveled in
stirring up attention and appeared in several Hollywood films, has died.
He was 72.
Means died early Monday at his ranch in in Porcupine, S.D., Oglala Sioux Tribe spokeswoman Donna Solomon said.
Means, a Wanblee native who grew up in the San Francisco area, announced
in August 2011 that he had developed inoperable throat cancer. He told
The Associated Press he was forgoing mainstream medical treatments in
favor of traditional American Indian remedies and alternative treatments
away from his home on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation.
Means was an early leader of AIM and led its armed occupation of the
South Dakota town of Wounded Knee, a 71-day siege that included several
gunbattles with federal officers. He was often embroiled in controversy,
partly because of AIM’s alleged involvement in the 1975 slaying of
Annie Mae Aquash. But Means was also known for his role in the movie
“The Last of the Mohicans” and had run unsuccessfully for the
Libertarian nomination for president in 1988.
AIM was founded in the late 1960s to protest the U.S. government’s
treatment of Native Americans and demand the government honor its
treaties with Indian tribes. Means told the AP in 2011 that before AIM,
there had been no advocate on a national or international scale for
American Indians, and that Native Americans were ashamed of their
heritage.
“No one except Hollywood stars and very rich Texans wore Indian
jewelry,” Means said. “And there was a plethora of dozens if not
hundreds of athletic teams that in essence were insulting us, from grade
schools to college. That’s all changed.”
The movement eventually faded away, the result of Native Americans becoming self-aware and self-determined, Means said.
Paul DeMain, publisher of Indian Country Today, said there were plenty
of Indian activists before AIM but that the group became the “radical
media gorilla.”
“If someone needed help, you called on the American Indian Movement and
they showed up and caused all kind of ruckus and looked beautiful on a
20-minute clip on TV that night,” DeMain said.
Means said he felt his most important accomplishment was the founding of
the Republic of Lakotah and the “re-establishment of our freedom to be
responsible” as a sovereign nation inside the borders of the United
States. His efforts to have his proposed country recognized by the
international community continued at the United Nations, he said, even
as it was ignored by tribal governments closer to home, including his
own Oglala Sioux Tribe.
But others may remember him for his former organization’s connection to
Aquash’s slaying. Her death remains synonymous with AIM and its
often-violent clashes with federal agents in the 1970s.
Authorities believe three AIM members shot and killed Aquash on the Pine
Ridge reservation on the orders of someone in AIM’s leadership because
they suspected she was an FBI informant. Two activists — Arlo Looking
Cloud and John Graham — were both eventually convicted of murder. The
third has never been charged.
Means blamed Vernon Bellecourt, another AIM leader, for ordering
Aquash’s killing. Bellecourt denied the allegations in a 2004 interview,
four years before he died.
DeMain, an Indian journalist who researched the case, said AIM’s leaders
know who ordered Aquash’s killing but have covered up the truth for
decades.
Also in 1975, murder charges were filed against Means and Dick Marshall,
an AIM member, in the shooting death of Martin Montileaux of Kyle at
the Longbranch Saloon in Scenic. Marshall served 24 years in prison.
Means was acquitted.
In addition to his presidential bid, Means also briefly served as a vice
presidential candidate in 1984, joining the Larry Flint ticket during
the Hustler magazine publisher’s unsuccessful bid for the Republican
nomination.
But Means always considered himself a Libertarian and couldn’t believe
that anyone would want to call themselves either a Republican or a
Democrat.
“It’s just unconscionable that America has become so stupid,” he said.
His acting career began in 1992 when he portrayed Chingachgook alongside
Daniel Day-Lewis’ Hawkeye in “The Last of the Mohicans.” He also
appeared in the 1994 film “Natural Born Killers,” voiced Chief Powhatan
in the 1995 animated film “Pocahontas” and guest starred in 2004 on the
HBO series “Curb Your Enthusiasm.”
Means recounted his life in the book “Where White Mean Fear to Tread.”
He said he pulled no punches in his autobiography, admitting to his
frailties and evils but also acknowledging his successes.
“I tell the truth, and I expose myself as a weak, misguided, misdirected, dysfunctional human being I used to be,” he said.
Copyright 2012 The Associated Press.
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Statement From Russell’s Family
October 22, 2012
Hello our relatives. Our dad and husband, now walks among our ancestors.
He began his journey to the spirit world at 4:44 am, with the Morning
Star, at his home and ranch in Porcupine. There will be four
opportunities for the people to honor his life to be announced at a
later date. Thank you for your prayers and continued support. We love
you. As our dad and husband would always say, “May the Great Mystery
continue to guide and protect the paths of you and your loved ones.”
The wife and children of Russell Means
444 Crazy Horse Drive
Pahin Sinte, Republic of Lakotah
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